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Ultrasound systems · Voluson family

GE Healthcare Voluson E6: troubleshooting and error codes

The ServiceForge knowledge base holds 50 documented symptoms for the GE Healthcare Voluson E6, with 99 ranked causes, 106 diagnostic checks with test points and expected values, and 9 error codes. Each symptom below shows its causes and the first check; the rest is one connection away. Connect ServiceForge to your AI

Symptoms

Excessive leakage current detected high voltage

AC/DC adapter, chassis, probe, or peripheral equipment measures above acceptable leakage current limits during electrical safety testing

Ranked causes

  1. 1. AC/DC adapter defective (common)
  2. 2. Power cord or ground connection defective (common)
  3. 3. Wiring damage or poor connections (common)
  4. 4. Wall outlet not grounded or faulty (common)
  5. 5. Neutral and ground wires reversed at outlet (occasional)
  6. 6. Probe defective or probe connector faulty (occasional)
  7. 7. System connector pins bent or ground continuity lost (occasional)
  8. 8. Peripheral equipment ground defective (occasional)
  9. 9. UPS (Uninterruptible Power Supply) causing leakage (occasional)
  10. 10. Internal or external peripheral defective (rare)
  11. 11. ECG cable damaged or poorly connected (rare)
  12. 12. System hardware defect (new system) (rare)
First check

Visual inspection of AC/DC adapter and cable

Test point
AC/DC adapter and cable
Expected
No defects, cracks, or damage visible

11 more checks with pass and fail actions, 13 corrective actions, and part numbers are in ServiceForge. Connect ServiceForge to your AI

Excessive leakage current high voltage

Leakage current test fails; potential electrical safety hazard during patient contact or system operation

Ranked causes

  1. 1. AC/DC adapter defective (occasional)
  2. 2. Ground connection broken or intermittent on power cord (common)
  3. 3. Loose or missing ground studs with star washers (common)
  4. 4. Bad crimps, poor connections, or damaged wiring (occasional)
  5. 5. Wall outlet not grounded or improperly wired (occasional)
  6. 6. Probe design or excessive probe leakage (occasional)
  7. 7. System connector bent pins, poor connections, or ground continuity issue (occasional)
  8. 8. Peripheral equipment ground connections defective (occasional)
  9. 9. UPS unit causing leakage current fault (rare)
  10. 10. Internal or attached peripheral component defective (rare)
First check

Inspect AC/DC adapter and cable for defects

Test point
AC/DC adapter connector and cable insulation
Expected
No damage, defects, or deterioration visible

9 more checks with pass and fail actions, 11 corrective actions, and part numbers are in ServiceForge. Connect ServiceForge to your AI

5V Standby voltage not available

LED 1 (5V Standby) on boot diagnostic panel is OFF

Ranked causes

  1. 1. No mains voltage or power cable not connected (common)
  2. 2. Circuit breaker OFF (common)
  3. 3. Power supply (RSP) defective (occasional)
  4. 4. Standby line interrupted (RSP to RTB to RTT to RTU) (occasional)
First check

Check mains power connection

Test point
Power inlet and wall outlet
Expected
Power cable firmly connected

2 more checks with pass and fail actions, 4 corrective actions, and part numbers are in ServiceForge. Connect ServiceForge to your AI

Monitor: no image caution

Display shows no image or blank screen

Ranked causes

  1. 1. Power cord not connected or loose (common)
  2. 2. Video cable disconnected or loose (common)
  3. 3. Video cable pins bent or damaged (occasional)
  4. 4. No video signal from system backplane (rare)
First check

Verify monitor power cord connection

Test point
Power cord
Expected
Firmly connected to monitor and wall outlet

3 more checks with pass and fail actions, 4 corrective actions, and part numbers are in ServiceForge. Connect ServiceForge to your AI

Mains power cable damaged high voltage

Power cable shows visible damage, loose connections, or corroded terminals

Ranked causes

  1. 1. Physical damage to power cable or connectors (occasional)
  2. 2. Loose or corroded wire terminals (occasional)
  3. 3. Non-functional inlet connector retainer (rare)
First check

Disconnect and visually inspect mains power cable and connectors

Test point
Mains power cable and connectors
Expected
No visible damage, corrosion, or bent pins on cable or connectors

2 more checks with pass and fail actions, 3 corrective actions, and part numbers are in ServiceForge. Connect ServiceForge to your AI

Noise disturbs the image caution

Electromagnetic interference visible in ultrasound image, typically when probe is contacted

Ranked causes

  1. 1. EMC noise from external power or signal cables (common)
  2. 2. EMC noise from wall outlet power line (occasional)
  3. 3. Magnetic field in room or building (occasional)
First check

Verify ultrasound image shows EMC noise with probe contacted

Test point
Ultrasound image display
Expected
EMC noise visible

3 more checks with pass and fail actions, 4 corrective actions, and part numbers are in ServiceForge. Connect ServiceForge to your AI

PC Power OK LED OFF

LED 3 (PC Power OK) on boot diagnostic panel is OFF, indicating PC was not started correctly

Ranked causes

  1. 1. RSP could not send Start PC signal or PC did not send PS_ON signal (common)
  2. 2. BackEnd (PC board) defective (occasional)
  3. 3. Power supply (RSP) defective (occasional)
First check

Verify ATX power cables between RSP and PC

Test point
ATX connectors and cables
Expected
All cables firmly connected

1 more check with pass and fail actions, 3 corrective actions, and part numbers are in ServiceForge. Connect ServiceForge to your AI

Probe connection fails or probe not detected patient safety

Probe does not connect properly, locking handle cannot turn, or system does not recognize probe

Ranked causes

  1. 1. Debris on probe or socket connectors (common)
  2. 2. Probe locking handle not at horizontal position before insertion (common)
  3. 3. Probe connector not fully inserted (common)
First check

Inspect probe and socket for debris

Test point
Probe connector tip and socket receptacle opening
Expected
Clean, debris-free surfaces on both connector and socket

3 more checks with pass and fail actions, 3 corrective actions, and part numbers are in ServiceForge. Connect ServiceForge to your AI

Secondary Patient Monitor not displaying image patient safety

Monitor connected but no picture appears on secondary display

Ranked causes

  1. 1. Incorrect VGA cable connection (common)
  2. 2. Secondary Monitor power not enabled or timeout not observed (occasional)
  3. 3. Monitor connected directly to mains instead of isolation transformer (rare)
First check

Verify VGA cable connection

Test point
VGA Out connector on external I/O connector panel (GES)
Expected
VGA cable from Secondary Monitor securely plugged in

2 more checks with pass and fail actions, 3 corrective actions, and part numbers are in ServiceForge. Connect ServiceForge to your AI

System does not complete boot sequence

System powered on but fails to load operating system, boot screen not displayed, or startup stalls

Ranked causes

  1. 1. Insufficient wait time after power recycling (occasional)
  2. 2. Encrypted disk locked (BT17 and higher models) (occasional)
  3. 3. User login required but credentials not entered (occasional)
First check

Verify wait time after last shutdown

Test point
Time between power off and current power-on attempt
Expected
Minimum 10 seconds elapsed

2 more checks with pass and fail actions, 3 corrective actions, and part numbers are in ServiceForge. Connect ServiceForge to your AI

System does not power on high voltage

Standby/Power button does not illuminate or system fails to start after power button press

Ranked causes

  1. 1. Mains power cable not connected or improperly connected (common)
  2. 2. Circuit breaker at rear not switched ON (common)
  3. 3. Fuses blown (2x T10A H/250V) (occasional)
First check

Verify mains power cable connected to system and wall outlet

Test point
Rear of system connector and AC wall outlet
Expected
Cable fully inserted and secured

2 more checks with pass and fail actions, 3 corrective actions, and part numbers are in ServiceForge. Connect ServiceForge to your AI

Calibration: LCD Monitor Adjustment

Monitor arm positioning and alignment for Voluson E6/E8/E10 systems

Ranked causes

  1. 1. Monitor arm requires adjustment per model specifications (unknown)
  2. 2. Monitor arm (Ergotron) requires adjustment per specifications (unknown)
First check

Verify monitor tilt range (MTD20)

Test point
Monitor Arm MTD20 tilt axis
Expected
+ 40° / - 90°

3 more checks with pass and fail actions, 2 corrective actions, and part numbers are in ServiceForge. Connect ServiceForge to your AI

Isolation Transformer configuration incorrect high voltage

Wrong voltage or fuse settings on isolation transformer may cause damage or non-operation of connected peripherals

Ranked causes

  1. 1. Input/output voltage selectors not set to match local line power (common)
  2. 2. Incorrect or missing fuses installed (common)
First check

Verify voltage selector positions match local power supply

Test point
Input and output voltage selector switches on isolation transformer
Expected
Both selectors set to 115V or 230V matching local line power

2 more checks with pass and fail actions, 2 corrective actions, and part numbers are in ServiceForge. Connect ServiceForge to your AI

Isolation Transformer physical placement unsafe patient safety

Transformer positioned in water-prone area or too far from monitor/power source, or blocking patient access to safety devices

Ranked causes

  1. 1. Transformer placed within patient reach or in wet environment (occasional)
  2. 2. Wall mounting installation performed by unqualified personnel (occasional)
First check

Verify transformer location is dry and out of patient reach

Test point
Transformer physical location in operating room or patient area
Expected
Transformer on floor or wall, away from patient access, in dry location

1 more check with pass and fail actions, 2 corrective actions, and part numbers are in ServiceForge. Connect ServiceForge to your AI

Monitor: picture is fuzzy caution

Monitor display appears blurry or out of focus

Ranked causes

  1. 1. Contrast or brightness incorrectly adjusted (common)
  2. 2. SVGA card producing excessive output level (occasional)
First check

Adjust monitor contrast control

Test point
Monitor OSD menu
Expected
Contrast at optimal level for clear image

1 more check with pass and fail actions, 2 corrective actions, and part numbers are in ServiceForge. Connect ServiceForge to your AI

Network: no connection to network

System unable to establish network connectivity

Ranked causes

  1. 1. Network cable disconnected or unseated (common)
  2. 2. Network hardware failure in system (rare)
First check

Visually inspect network cable at system connection

Test point
Network port
Expected
Cable firmly seated in port; indicator shows active (green) or disconnected (gray)

1 more check with pass and fail actions, 2 corrective actions, and part numbers are in ServiceForge. Connect ServiceForge to your AI

Probe cleaning procedure not followed patient safety

Probe was cleaned with improper agents or techniques causing damage

Ranked causes

  1. 1. Probe cleaned with non-approved disinfectants or high-proof alcohol (occasional)
  2. 2. Probe lens soaked or wiped with incompatible products (rare)
First check

Verify probe was cleaned with approved agents per Care Card

Test point
Probe condition after cleaning
Expected
Probe is clean and shows no damage from cleaning process

2 corrective actions and part numbers are in ServiceForge. Connect ServiceForge to your AI

Standby/Power button LED blinking orange and green

LED alternates between orange and green, system not fully operational

Ranked causes

  1. 1. FPGA not initialized (FrontEnd or RFM board issue) (common)
  2. 2. Power Supply (RSP) defect preventing FPGA initialization (occasional)
First check

Verify LED 4 on Power Supply RSP3 (FPGA_CONF_DONE)

Test point
LED 4 on ATX board inside RSP3
Expected
LED ON (FPGA_CONF_DONE = high)

2 corrective actions and part numbers are in ServiceForge. Connect ServiceForge to your AI

Standby/Power button LED not illuminated

No light from the LED in the start key on the User Interface console

Ranked causes

  1. 1. Circuit breaker switched OFF (common)
  2. 2. Power Supply (RSP) defect (occasional)
First check

Verify circuit breaker position

Test point
Main circuit breaker
Expected
Breaker in ON position

2 corrective actions and part numbers are in ServiceForge. Connect ServiceForge to your AI

Trackball malfunction

Trackball not responding or operating correctly

Ranked causes

  1. 1. Trackball contamination or debris (common)
  2. 2. Trackball hardware failure (unknown)
First check

Inspect trackball for visible contamination or debris

Test point
Trackball surface
Expected
Clean surface

2 corrective actions and part numbers are in ServiceForge. Connect ServiceForge to your AI

Activate Windows message displayed

Monitor screen shows 'Activate Windows' message with prompt to go to Settings to activate Windows

Ranked causes

  1. 1. Activation servers of Microsoft are not reachable (common)
First check

Check license status in System Info

Test point
Utilities - Setup - Administration - System Info tab
Expected
Licensed status indicates Windows is properly activated

3 corrective actions and part numbers are in ServiceForge. Connect ServiceForge to your AI

Configuration done LED OFF

LED 2 (Configuration done) on boot diagnostic panel is OFF, indicating FrontEnd FPGA not initialized correctly

Ranked causes

  1. 1. RFM board initialization failure (common)
First check

Verify RFM board power supply

Test point
RFM board power connectors
Expected
All power connectors firmly seated

1 corrective action and part numbers are in ServiceForge. Connect ServiceForge to your AI

Control console movement without power boot

Procedure to lower or lift UI when system cannot boot

Ranked causes

  1. 1. System unable to boot (unknown)

3 corrective actions and part numbers are in ServiceForge. Connect ServiceForge to your AI

Data loss when disconnecting USB device caution

Valuable data may be lost if USB device is unplugged or ejected without proper system notification

Ranked causes

  1. 1. USB device stopped improperly without system notification (common)
First check

Press Eject key on keyboard

Test point
Keyboard Eject key
Expected
Connect USB and Network Drives dialog displays all connected USB and Network drives

1 corrective action and part numbers are in ServiceForge. Connect ServiceForge to your AI

Date and time settings incorrect after upgrade

System date and time are not correct or not matching the facility time after software upgrade.

Ranked causes

  1. 1. System clock reset during upgrade or incorrect initial setting (occasional)
First check

Verify system date and time

Test point
System Setup - General Settings - General page
Expected
Date and time match facility current time

1 corrective action and part numbers are in ServiceForge. Connect ServiceForge to your AI

Disk Encryption feature not activated after upgrade when Advanced Security Features enabled

The Disk Encryption feature is not active or not properly configured after software upgrade when Advanced Security Features option is enabled.

Ranked causes

  1. 1. Disk Encryption not reactivated after software upgrade (common)
First check

Verify Disk Encryption is activated

Test point
System Setup - Administration - Disk Encryption
Expected
Disk Encryption feature shows active/enabled status

1 corrective action and part numbers are in ServiceForge. Connect ServiceForge to your AI

Distraction during patient scan due to USB device dialogs patient safety

Hardware detection dialogs appear and distract operator during active patient scanning

Ranked causes

  1. 1. USB device connected or disconnected during active patient scan (common)

1 corrective action and part numbers are in ServiceForge. Connect ServiceForge to your AI

ECG cable leakage current issue high voltage

Excessive leakage current detected in ECG subsystem

Ranked causes

  1. 1. ECG cable damaged or poorly connected (common)
First check

Inspect ECG cables for damage and connections

Test point
All ECG cable connectors and insulation
Expected
No visible damage, all connectors firmly seated

1 corrective action and part numbers are in ServiceForge. Connect ServiceForge to your AI

HDD/SSD Status LED not active

LED 4 (HDD/SSD status) on boot diagnostic panel is OFF, indicating no access to hard disk or solid state drive

Ranked causes

  1. 1. Software hang-up or HDD/SSD inaccessible (unknown)
First check

Verify HDD/SSD power and data connections

Test point
HDD/SSD power and SATA connectors
Expected
Cables firmly connected, drive powered

1 corrective action and part numbers are in ServiceForge. Connect ServiceForge to your AI

Keyboard layout not correct after upgrade

System keyboard input language or layout does not match the expected or previously configured setting after software upgrade.

Ranked causes

  1. 1. Keyboard layout reset during upgrade or initial incorrect setting (occasional)
First check

Verify keyboard layout setting

Test point
System keyboard and input language configuration
Expected
Keyboard layout matches facility standard or previously configured setting

1 corrective action and part numbers are in ServiceForge. Connect ServiceForge to your AI

Leakage currents not measured after installation patient safety

Safety-critical electrical safety check not performed after mounting Secondary Monitor

Ranked causes

  1. 1. Installation procedure incomplete without leakage current measurement (common)
First check

Perform leakage current measurement per IEC standards

Test point
Secondary Monitor and Isolation Transformer electrical connections
Expected
Leakage currents within limits specified by IEC 60601-1 or IEC 62353

1 corrective action and part numbers are in ServiceForge. Connect ServiceForge to your AI

Memory test does not complete or shows errors

PC Memory Test runs for ~2.5 hours; errors displayed if memory is faulty. Test cycles endlessly unless interrupted.

Ranked causes

  1. 1. BackEnd Processor memory failure or power supply malfunction (unknown)
First check

Access Boot Screen

Test point
System startup
Expected
Boot Screen appears with Voluson, GE-Service, Rollback, Memtest options

2 more checks with pass and fail actions, 1 corrective action, and part numbers are in ServiceForge. Connect ServiceForge to your AI

Monitor: video test patterns unclear or misaligned caution

Test patterns appear distorted, dim, non-parallel or non-square

Ranked causes

  1. 1. Monitor hardware failure or defect (common)
First check

Display system video test pattern on monitor

Test point
Monitor display
Expected
Test pattern is clear, bright, parallel and square

1 corrective action and part numbers are in ServiceForge. Connect ServiceForge to your AI

New Software Verification report missing after installation

The 'New Software Verification' field does not appear on the left side of the 2D screen after software upgrade completes.

Ranked causes

  1. 1. Display rendering issue or incomplete boot sequence (unknown)
First check

Verify New Software Verification field is present on screen

Test point
2D screen left side display
Expected
New Software Verification field visible

1 corrective action and part numbers are in ServiceForge. Connect ServiceForge to your AI

Permanent key required for software version upgrade

New software extension version requires new permanent key; system may not upgrade without valid key

Ranked causes

  1. 1. Software extension version upgrade exceeds current permanent key validity (common)
First check

Verify if upgrade to higher software version is needed

Test point
System Setup > Administration > System Info tab
Expected
Compare current version to target version; if target version higher, permanent key needed

1 corrective action and part numbers are in ServiceForge. Connect ServiceForge to your AI

Printer not functioning after software upgrade

Network printer is not available or not responding after system software installation or upgrade.

Ranked causes

  1. 1. Printer driver incompatibility or not reinstalled after upgrade (occasional)
First check

Reconnect external devices and install printers

Test point
External device connections and printer installation
Expected
All printers installed and functioning

1 corrective action and part numbers are in ServiceForge. Connect ServiceForge to your AI

Printer Remote Control selection not matched after upgrade

Printer Remote Control settings in System Setup do not match the installed printer configuration after software upgrade.

Ranked causes

  1. 1. System Setup not reconfigured after software upgrade (common)
First check

Verify Printer Remote Control setting matches installed printer

Test point
System Setup - Connectivity - Button Configuration
Expected
Printer Remote Control selection matches installed printer configuration

1 corrective action and part numbers are in ServiceForge. Connect ServiceForge to your AI

Probe disconnected during live scan patient safety

Probe removed while system is in write/live scan mode

Ranked causes

  1. 1. Probe removed during active scanning (occasional)
First check

Verify system is in freeze or read mode

Test point
Touch panel display and probe status
Expected
System not in Live Scan Write mode

1 corrective action and part numbers are in ServiceForge. Connect ServiceForge to your AI

Probe wear or damage evident patient safety

Probe shows visible signs of wear, damage or degradation

Ranked causes

  1. 1. Probe wear or damage from improper handling or use (occasional)
First check

Visually inspect probe for signs of wear or damage

Test point
Probe exterior and connector
Expected
No visible signs of wear, cracks, surface damage or corrosion on probe

1 corrective action and part numbers are in ServiceForge. Connect ServiceForge to your AI

Regulatory compliance verification

Ensure regulatory information and tests required by national law are present, documented and performed

Ranked causes

  1. 1. Regulatory compliance documentation missing or incomplete (unknown)

1 corrective action and part numbers are in ServiceForge. Connect ServiceForge to your AI

Software verification shows failed feature

One or more features listed in the New Software Verification report show 'Failed' status after upgrade.

Ranked causes

  1. 1. Incomplete or corrupted software installation (unknown)
First check

Verify all features in New Software Verification report

Test point
New Software Verification screen items
Expected
All features show OK status

1 corrective action and part numbers are in ServiceForge. Connect ServiceForge to your AI

Storing SonoView images from legacy Voluson systems

Need to store SonoView images from Voluson 730/Expert/Pro/ProV to Voluson E-Series systems

Ranked causes

  1. 1. Archive system is different; SonoView not available on Voluson E-Series (common)

2 corrective actions and part numbers are in ServiceForge. Connect ServiceForge to your AI

System boot selection timeout

Boot screen disappears after 3 seconds without user input; system boots to Voluson (normal operation).

Ranked causes

  1. 1. No menu selection within 3 second timeout window (common)
First check

Monitor for Boot Screen appearance

Test point
System startup display
Expected
Boot Screen with menu options appears

1 corrective action and part numbers are in ServiceForge. Connect ServiceForge to your AI

System covers or frame panels missing caution

Board covers or frame panels removed during operation

Ranked causes

  1. 1. Covers removed for service procedures (occasional)
First check

Verify all board covers and frame panels in place

Test point
Physical inspection of system enclosure
Expected
All covers securely fastened

1 corrective action and part numbers are in ServiceForge. Connect ServiceForge to your AI

System covers or panels not secure caution

Board covers or frame panels are removed, loose, or missing during operation

Ranked causes

  1. 1. Covers or panels removed for service or inspection (common)
First check

Visually inspect all board covers and frame panels

Test point
All accessible enclosure areas
Expected
All covers in place, no gaps, all fasteners or latches secure

1 corrective action and part numbers are in ServiceForge. Connect ServiceForge to your AI

System does not boot after power cycle

System fails to start when power is recycled quickly after shutdown

Ranked causes

  1. 1. Power recycled too quickly (common)
First check

Wait minimum time after shutdown

Test point
System power state
Expected
System fully powered down for at least 10 seconds

1 corrective action and part numbers are in ServiceForge. Connect ServiceForge to your AI

System shuts down unexpectedly or fails to shut down cleanly caution

System does not respond to shutdown command or power-off procedure hangs

Ranked causes

  1. 1. Probe disconnected during live scan (Write mode) (occasional)
First check

Verify image is frozen before power-off

Test point
Monitor display and control console status
Expected
System in freeze or read mode, not in Live Scan Write mode

1 more check with pass and fail actions, 1 corrective action, and part numbers are in ServiceForge. Connect ServiceForge to your AI

System software upgrade required

Need to update system software from one extension version to another (e.g., Ext.2 to Ext.3) on Voluson E-Series BT15-BT21

Ranked causes

  1. 1. Software extension outdated (common)
First check

Backup all presets and database

Test point
System Setup > Backup function
Expected
Backup completed successfully

10 more checks with pass and fail actions, 2 corrective actions, and part numbers are in ServiceForge. Connect ServiceForge to your AI

USB device not recognized after connection

External USB storage device (memory stick or external hard disk) not automatically detected by system after connection to Voluson E-Series

Ranked causes

  1. 1. Device driver not automatically installed or device not detected by Windows (occasional)

1 corrective action and part numbers are in ServiceForge. Connect ServiceForge to your AI

Whitelisting feature not activated after upgrade when Advanced Security Features enabled

The Whitelisting feature is not active or not properly configured after software upgrade when Advanced Security Features option is enabled.

Ranked causes

  1. 1. Whitelisting not reactivated after software upgrade (common)
First check

Verify Whitelisting is activated

Test point
System Setup - Administration - Whitelisting
Expected
Whitelisting feature shows active/enabled status

1 corrective action and part numbers are in ServiceForge. Connect ServiceForge to your AI

Error codes

CodeMeaningTriggerSeverity
Gray envelope iconNew software update package available for download and installationSystem detects available firmware or software update from GEinfo
Gray GE remote iconRemote access idle; no active connectionNormal state when remote service access is not in useinfo
Gray indicator lightNetwork cable disconnected or no network signal on connected cableNetwork cable unplugged or broken connectionerror
Gray modem iconEmail/MMS function is not configuredCellular modem not set up for email or MMS usewarning
Green indicator lightNetwork cable connected to active networkNetwork cable properly connected to powered network portinfo
Green modem iconEmail/MMS successfully sentCellular modem connection active and message sent successfullyinfo
Red GE remote iconRemote access active in Disrupted State; all functions enabledGE technician actively connected with full Virtual Console and Service Desktop accesscritical
Red modem iconEmail/MMS not sent (failed)Cellular modem connection failed or message delivery unsuccessfulerror
Yellow GE remote iconRemote access pending; connection being establishedRemote access initiated but Virtual Console and service functions not yet activewarning

Likely causes and actions for each code are in ServiceForge. Connect ServiceForge to your AI

Community

0 fixes logged by technicians through their AI, with outcomes, for this model.

ServiceForge knowledge base record. Field-unverified unless technicians confirmed it. A teaching summary of the record, not a service manual. Export 2026-10-14.